玉米杂交制种怎样进行人工去雄?

2025-03-15 09:00:27
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

玉米杂交制种是将母本雄穗去掉,使其完全接受父本的花粉,才能获得具有杂种优势的杂交种子。因此,母本去雄是杂交制种的中心工作,也是保证种子质量最关键的环节。去雄要求达到及时、干净、彻底。及时是指制种田内母本植株的雄穗一定要在散粉前拔除。干净是指每株母本的雄穗全部拔除,不能遗留分枝、残枝断穗以及雄小花。彻底是指制种田内全部母本植株的雄穗一株不漏地拔除,包括制种田边角地、零散地和弱小株的雄穗。
目前生产上,制种单位普遍采用“超前摸苞带叶去雄”技术。即玉米制种田母本挑旗,雄蕊尚未抽出,仍含在植株顶部1~2片叶中,摸上去有“鼓包”的感觉时,用手握住植株顶部叶片,带1~2片叶将雄蕊连根拔出。这项技术不仅克服了传统去雄方法易造成自交结实、影响种子纯度的弊端,而且可以缩短去雄时间、节省劳动力、促进母本果穗发育、提高制种产量,是一项十分实用的技术。超前摸苞带叶去雄技术要点如下:
(1)在玉米制种田中母本挑旗而雄穗未抽出前,穗顶露苞叶,能摸到穗苞时进行。去雄时食指和拇指尽量往心叶里伸,以防多带叶片或把雄穗拔断,遗留残枝。去雄带叶片数一般以不超过2片叶为宜。
(2)对长势整齐一致的制种田,可在母本雄穗摸苞率50%左右时进行第一次去雄,而对长势不匀、整齐度差的田块,可在母本雄穗摸苞率30%左右时开始第一次去雄,同一块地一般去雄3~5次即可。当田间85%的母本雄穗去掉后,进行母本最后一次去雄,对结实无望的小苗、弱株、晚株要彻底拔除,不留后患。
(3)拔掉的雄穗必须装袋及时带出制种田妥善处理,可以深埋,也可以作为牲畜的青饲料,不许乱扔,防止散粉。

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