为什么有板腔体和曲牌体之分?

2025-03-14 00:48:26
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

曲牌体,从宋、元杂剧至今日的昆剧都是以曲牌体的形式来演唱。在戏曲的初期,也是编词配曲,由于有些唱段和谐悦耳,脍炙人口,被后人像填写宋词、散曲一样在编演新剧时填词套用旧有的优秀曲牌。原曲牌是以原来的唱词的四声、格式谱写的乐曲,在填写新词时也必须注意唱词的平仄四声、长短句的格式与原来唱词的平仄四声、长短句必须一致,否则字与曲就无法和谐了。在后来的发展中,不同的曲牌根据不同的调式、调门联在一起,又形成了不同的套曲,称曲牌联套。例如《春香闹学》就是由[一江风]、[绕地游]、[调角儿]、[尾声]等曲牌组成;《林冲夜奔》就是由[点绛唇]、[折桂令]、[雁儿落]带[得胜令]、[沽美酒]带[太平令]、[收江南]、[煞尾]等一套曲牌联套组成。 板腔体,是梆子、皮黄等曲调的演唱形式。板腔体的唱词不同于曲牌体的长短句,而是以分上下句的五言、七言、十言诗的格律为基本形式。一三五不论,二四六押韵,单句最后一字为仄声,双句的最后一字为平声。句数不限,其他字的平仄不限,所用曲调和唱腔不限,所以不用填词,不受格式、四声限制,有时可唱百多句,如京剧《哭祖庙》即是。有时可唱两句。同样一段唱词,可以唱一眼板,也可以唱三眼板,比较自由。板腔体也有一定的套数。如[导板]接[回龙]转[原板],[散板]转[原板]再转[垛板]等等。这两种演唱体系完全是因剧种的历史不同而设置的,如来源于昆山腔、弋阳腔的即为曲牌体,如来自梆子、皮黄腔调的均采用板腔体。

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